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<https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10188594> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/title> "Influence of biodiesel molecular structure on exhaust particulate-bound PAHs and toxicity to normal human airway epithelia"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> .
<https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10188594> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/abstract> "Various feedstocks may contribute to biofuel production to reduce greenhouse gas\r\nemissions, however, the toxicity of pollutants produced by combustion of current\r\nbiofuels for diesel engines (i.e., fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) are poorly understood.\r\nFurthermore, the fatty acid profile of biodiesels varies in the average chain\r\nlength and unsaturation. An understanding of the fuel structure effect on particulate\r\ntoxicity may provide valuable insight for regulators and fuel researchers.\r\nA series of experiments investigated FAME biodiesel effects on combustion\r\n(in a naturally aspirated single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine), particulatephase\r\npolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions and toxicity to normal human\r\nprimary bronchial epithelial cells (HPBEC). FAME biodiesels from six feedstocks\r\nwere chosen because of commercial utilisation (methyl esters of soybean oil,\r\nSME; palm oil, PME; rapeseed oil, RME, and waste cooking oil, WCOME) or contrasting\r\nconstituent methyl ester profiles (methyl esters of coconut oil and linseed\r\noil). The commercial FAMEs were also blended with fossil diesel (B10, B20 and\r\nB50) to investigate whether biodiesel blends affect PAH emissions. In addition,\r\nsix single-component fuels (including decene, decane, undecane, dodecane, methyl\r\ndodecanoate and 30/70 v/v% methyl acetate/decene blend) were investigated for\r\nfurther insight into the effect of molecular structure on PAH emissions. HPBEC\r\nwere cultured at the air-liquid interface (>28d) to achieve sufficient cellular differentiation.\r\nFuel effects on particulate-phase PAH emissions and the mRNA levels of investigated\r\ngenes were observed and attributed to an increase in FAME unsaturation.\r\nFor example, measures of PAH content (e.g., B[a]P-equivalence, FPC1) correlated with NQO1, ALDH3A1 and IL19 expression, and significant increases of CYP1A1\r\nexpression were observed after neat FAME particulate extract exposure. Additionally,\r\nWCOME10, RME10 and SME10 blends emitted higher total particulate-phase\r\nPAH emissions compared to fossil diesel, whereas a contrasting trend was observed\r\nfor PME10. Overall, these results support higher particulate toxicity associated with\r\nunsaturated FAMEs."^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> .
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