TY - JOUR UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01440-3 SP - 242 TI - Development transitions for fossil fuel-producing low and lower?middle income countries in a carbon-constrained world KW - Carbon and energy KW - Developing world KW - Energy justice ID - discovery10187102 SN - 2058-7546 N1 - This version is the author accepted manuscript. For information on re-use, please refer to the publisher?s terms and conditions. EP - 250 JF - Nature Energy AV - public N2 - The production and use of fossil fuels need to decline rapidly to limit global warming. Although global net-zero scenarios abound, the associated development ramifications for fossil fuel-producing low and lower?middle income countries (LLMICs), as well as adequate international responses, have been underexplored. Here we conceptualize that, depending on country context, three types of development transition follow from declining fossil fuel production and use for LLMIC producers, namely an energy transition, an economic transition and an equitable fossil fuel production transition. We propose a classification of these transitions, arguing that heterogeneity in LLMICs? fossil fuel production and usage substantially impacts their pathways towards low-carbon development. We illustrate this by discussing different cases of fossil fuel-producing LLMICs, focusing on Mozambique, India, Lao PDR and Angola. We conclude by detailing context-specific international support portfolios to foster low-carbon development in fossil fuel-producing LLMICs, and call for a re-orientation of international support along principles of global solidarity. VL - 9 A1 - Foster, Vivien A1 - Trotter, Philipp A A1 - Werner, Sven A1 - Niedermayer, Melin A1 - Mulugetta, Yacob A1 - Achakulwisut, Ploy A1 - Brophy, Aoife A1 - Dubash, Navroz K A1 - Fankhauser, Sam A1 - Hawkes, Adam A1 - Hirmer, Stephanie A1 - Jenkins, Stuart A1 - Loni, Sam A1 - McGivern, Alexis A1 - Nanthavong, Khamphone A1 - Probst, Benedict A1 - Pye, Steve A1 - Russo, Vladimir A1 - Semieniuk, Gregor A1 - Shenga, Carlos A1 - Sridharan, Vignesh A1 - Srivastav, Sugandha A1 - Sokona, Youba A1 - Croxatto, Lucas Somavilla A1 - Yang, Pu PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC Y1 - 2024/03// ER -