TY  - JOUR
IS  - 1
AV  - public
A1  - Pagoni, Panagiota
A1  - Dardani, Christina
A1  - Leppert, Beate
A1  - Korologou-Linden, Roxanna
A1  - Smith, George Davey
A1  - Howe, Laura D
A1  - Anderson, Emma L
A1  - Stergiakouli, Evie
N2  - Few studies suggest possible links between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer?s disease but they have been limited by small sample sizes, diagnostic and recall bias. We used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to estimate the bidirectional causal association between genetic liability to ADHD and ASD on Alzheimer?s disease. In addition, we estimated the causal effects independently of educational attainment and IQ, through multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR). We employed genetic variants associated with ADHD (20,183 cases/35,191 controls), ASD (18,381 cases/27,969 controls), Alzheimer?s disease (71,880 cases/383,378 controls), educational attainment (n = 766,345) and IQ (n = 269,867) using the largest GWAS of European ancestry. There was limited evidence to suggest a causal effect of genetic liability to ADHD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.98?1.02, P = 0.39) or ASD (OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.97?1.01, P = 0.70) on Alzheimer?s disease. Similar causal effect estimates were identified as direct effects, independent of educational attainment (ADHD: OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.99?1.01, P = 0.76; ASD: OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.98?1.00, P = 0.28) and IQ (ADHD: OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.99?1.02. P = 0.29; ASD: OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.98?1.01, P = 0.99). Genetic liability to Alzheimer?s disease was not found to have a causal effect on risk of ADHD or ASD (ADHD: OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.86?1.44, P = 0.37; ASD: OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.94?1.51, P = 0.14). We found limited evidence to suggest a causal effect of genetic liability to ADHD or ASD on Alzheimer?s disease; and vice versa.
KW  - Science & Technology
KW  -  Life Sciences & Biomedicine
KW  -  Psychiatry
KW  -  DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
KW  -  ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
KW  -  AGE-DEPENDENT DECLINE
KW  -  MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION
KW  -  SPECTRUM DISORDERS
KW  -  LATE-ONSET
KW  -  FOLLOW-UP
KW  -  INSTRUMENTS
KW  -  CHILDHOOD
KW  -  IMPACT
EP  - 7
JF  - Translational Psychiatry
VL  - 12
PB  - SPRINGERNATURE
ID  - discovery10182228
Y1  - 2022/10/01/
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-02150-2
TI  - Exploring the causal effects of genetic liability to ADHD and Autism on Alzheimer's disease
N1  - This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article?s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article?s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
ER  -