TY  - JOUR
N1  - © 2023 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
IS  - 7
AV  - public
VL  - 10
Y1  - 2023/07//
TI  - Sex and gender in infection and immunity: addressing the bottlenecks from basic science to public health and clinical applications
KW  - Immunology
KW  -  Sex
KW  -  Gender
KW  -  Research
KW  -  Infection
KW  -  Inclusion
KW  -  Diversity
KW  -  Bottlenecks
A1  - Peckham, Hannah
A1  - Pasin, Chloé
A1  - Consiglio, Camila R
A1  - Huisman, Jana S
A1  - de Lange, Ann-Marie G
A1  - Vallejo-Yagüe, Enriqueta
A1  - Abela, Irene A
A1  - Islander, Ulrika
A1  - Neuner-Jehle, Nadia
A1  - Pujantell, Maria
A1  - Roth, Olivia
A1  - Schirmer, Melanie
A1  - Tepekule, Burcu
A1  - Zeeb, Marius
A1  - Hachfeld, Anna
A1  - Aebi-Popp, Karoline
A1  - Kouyos, Roger D
A1  - Bonhoeffer, Sebastian
CY  - UK
JF  - Royal Society Open Science
PB  - The Royal Society
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.221628
ID  - discovery10172945
N2  - Although sex and gender are recognized as major determinants of health and immunity, their role israrely considered in clinical practice and public health. We identified six bottlenecks preventing theinclusion of sex and gender considerations from basic science to clinical practice, precision medicineand public health policies. (i) A terminology-related bottleneck, linked to the definitions of sex andgender themselves, and the lack of consensus on how to evaluate gender. (ii) A data-relatedbottleneck, due to gaps in sex-disaggregated data, data on trans/non-binary people and genderidentity. (iii) A translational bottleneck, limited by animal models and the underrepresentation ofgender minorities in biomedical studies. (iv) A statistical bottleneck, with inappropriate statisticalanalyses and results interpretation. (v) An ethical bottleneck posed by the underrepresentation ofpregnant people and gender minorities in clinical studies. (vi) A structural bottleneck, as systemicbias and discriminations affect not only academic research but also decision makers. We specifyguidelines for researchers, scientific journals, funding agencies and academic institutions to addressthese bottlenecks. Following such guidelines will support the development of more efficient andequitable care strategies for all.
ER  -