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<https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10168822> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/abstract> "As part of the effort to improve thermal efficiency, engines are being \r\nsignificantly downsized. A common issue in gasoline engines which limits \r\nthermal efficiency and is further exacerbated by downsizing, is low speed pre ignition (LSPI). This thesis uses a Multiphysics approach, initially using a \r\nvalidated 1D engine performance model of a GTDI engine, to define realistic \r\nboundary conditions. A strong emphasis on validating each simulation \r\nmethodology as much as possible is maintained at each stage. \r\nA hydrodynamic model of the ring-liner and Lagrangian CFD model are used \r\nto investigate the impact of engine oil fluid properties on the mass of oil \r\ntransported from the crevice volume to the combustion chamber. A heat \r\ntransfer and evaporation model of a single droplet inside an engine \r\nenvironment was developed for alkanes of chain lengths representing the \r\nextremes of the chain lengths present in engine oil. It was found the droplet \r\ngenerally evaporates at a crank angle which is close to the point where LSPI \r\nis observed. The hydrocarbon study ends with a CFD constant volume\r\nsimulation to understand why engine oil like hydrocarbons ignite in rig tests \r\nbut not in an engine. \r\nThis research then proceeds to develop a single particle detergent model in \r\nan engine environment, to initially understand why ignition occurs when a \r\ncalcium Ca based detergent is present but not in the case of a magnesium Mg \r\ndetergent. It was found from simulation that the common theory of calcium \r\noxide CaO resulting from thermal degradation from the previous cycle then \r\nreacting with Carbon dioxide CO2 late in the compression stroke is unlikely. \r\nThere is a stronger case for the CaO particle causing ignition as it is present \r\nin fresh engine oil sprayed onto the liner. As predicted by the hydrocarbon \r\nevaporation model the oil will cover and protect the CaO particle until late in \r\nthe compression stroke when the oil will evaporate, exposing the CaO particle \r\nto CO2."^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> .
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