@article{discovery10168179, note = {{\copyright} 2023 The Authors. Advanced Materials Technologies published by Wiley-VCH GmbH This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.}, publisher = {Wiley}, year = {2023}, month = {March}, journal = {Advanced Materials Technologies}, title = {Creating 3D Objects with Integrated Electronics via Multiphoton Fabrication In Vitro and In Vivo}, keywords = {additive manufacturing, bioelectronics, conducting polymers, integrated electronics, neural electrodes}, issn = {2365-709X}, abstract = {3D objects with integrated electronics are produced using an additive manufacturing approach relying on multiphoton fabrication (direct laser writing, (DLW)). Conducting polymer-based structures (with micrometer-millimeter scale features) are printed within exemplar matrices, including an elastomer (polydimethylsiloxane, (PDMS)) have been widely investigated for biomedical applications. The fidelity of the printing process in PDMS is assessed by optical coherence tomography, and the conducting polymer structures are demonstrated to be capable of stimulating mouse brain tissue in vitro. Furthermore, the applicability of the approach to printing structures in vivo is demonstrated in live nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans). These results highlight the potential for such additive manufacturing approaches to produce next-generation advanced material technologies, notably integrated electronics for technical and medical applications (e.g., human-computer interfaces).}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202201274}, author = {Baldock, SJ and Kevin, P and Harper, GR and Griffin, R and Genedy, HH and Fong, MJ and Zhao, Z and Zhang, Z and Shen, Y and Lin, H and Au, C and Martin, JR and Ashton, MD and Haskew, MJ and Stewart, B and Efremova, O and Esfahani, RN and Emsley, HCA and Appleby, JB and Cheneler, D and Cummings, DM and Benedetto, A and Hardy, JG} }