eprintid: 10165186 rev_number: 6 eprint_status: archive userid: 699 dir: disk0/10/16/51/86 datestamp: 2023-02-20 11:48:09 lastmod: 2023-02-20 11:48:09 status_changed: 2023-02-20 11:48:09 type: article metadata_visibility: show sword_depositor: 699 creators_name: Ester, Mar Casajuana creators_name: Day, Richard M title: Production and Utility of Extracellular Vesicles with 3D Culture Methods ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B02 divisions: B04 divisions: C10 divisions: C05 divisions: D17 divisions: F51 divisions: G94 keywords: extracellular vesicles; 3D culture; scaffolds; bioreactors; spheroids note: © 2023 by the Authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). abstract: In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biomarkers, cell-free therapeutic agents, and drug delivery carriers. Despite their great clinical potential, poor yield and unscalable production of EVs remain significant challenges. When using 3D culture methods, such as scaffolds and bioreactors, large numbers of cells can be expanded and the cell environment can be manipulated to control the cell phenotype. This has been employed to successfully increase the production of EVs as well as to enhance their therapeutic effects. The physiological relevance of 3D cultures, such as spheroids, has also provided a strategy for understanding the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of several diseases and to evaluate their role as tools to deliver drugs. Additionally, 3D culture methods can encapsulate EVs to achieve more sustained therapeutic effects as well as prevent premature clearance of EVs to enable more localised delivery and concentrated exosome dosage. This review highlights the opportunities and drawbacks of different 3D culture methods and their use in EV research. date: 2023-02 date_type: published publisher: MDPI AG official_url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020663 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 2005891 doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020663 lyricists_name: Casajuana Ester, Mar lyricists_name: Day, Richard lyricists_id: MCASA91 lyricists_id: RDAYX34 actors_name: Casajuana Ester, Mar actors_id: MCASA91 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Pharmaceutics volume: 15 number: 2 pagerange: 663-663 citation: Ester, Mar Casajuana; Day, Richard M; (2023) Production and Utility of Extracellular Vesicles with 3D Culture Methods. Pharmaceutics , 15 (2) p. 663. 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020663 <https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020663>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10165186/1/pharmaceutics-15-00663-v2.pdf