TY  - JOUR
IS  - 2
N1  - © 2023 by the Authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
SP  - 663
VL  - 15
JF  - Pharmaceutics
A1  - Ester, Mar Casajuana
A1  - Day, Richard M
UR  - https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020663
TI  - Production and Utility of Extracellular Vesicles with 3D Culture Methods
AV  - public
Y1  - 2023/02//
EP  - 663
KW  - extracellular vesicles; 3D culture; scaffolds; bioreactors; spheroids
N2  - In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biomarkers, cell-free therapeutic agents, and drug delivery carriers. Despite their great clinical potential, poor yield and unscalable production of EVs remain significant challenges. When using 3D culture methods, such as scaffolds and bioreactors, large numbers of cells can be expanded and the cell environment can be manipulated to control the cell phenotype. This has been employed to successfully increase the production of EVs as well as to enhance their therapeutic effects. The physiological relevance of 3D cultures, such as spheroids, has also provided a strategy for understanding the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of several diseases and to evaluate their role as tools to deliver drugs. Additionally, 3D culture methods can encapsulate EVs to achieve more sustained therapeutic effects as well as prevent premature clearance of EVs to enable more localised delivery and concentrated exosome dosage. This review highlights the opportunities and drawbacks of different 3D culture methods and their use in EV research.
ID  - discovery10165186
PB  - MDPI AG
ER  -