eprintid: 10164936 rev_number: 6 eprint_status: archive userid: 699 dir: disk0/10/16/49/36 datestamp: 2023-02-15 16:09:34 lastmod: 2023-02-15 16:09:34 status_changed: 2023-02-15 16:09:34 type: article metadata_visibility: show sword_depositor: 699 creators_name: von Borzyskowski, Inken creators_name: Vabulas, Felicity title: When Do Withdrawal Threats Achieve Reform in International Organizations? ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B03 divisions: C03 divisions: F30 keywords: international organizations, withdraw, threat, reform, multilateralism note: This version is the version of record. For information on re-use, please refer to the publisher's terms and conditions. abstract: International organizations often come under pressure when states desire their reform. Some states threaten to leave international organizations unless their reform demands are met. But how often is threatening to withdraw associated with states demanding institutional reform? And under what conditions do states’ withdrawal threats actually achieve institutional reform? We argue that withdrawal threats are more likely to result in institutional reform when they (1) are made by powerful states and (2) are limited reform demands rather than calls for broader reform. We examine whether threatening to exit institutions can be a catalyst for institutional reform using an original dataset of withdrawal threats from all international organizations and states since 1980 (N = 130). The analysis supports our argument that withdrawal threats are more likely to lead to reforms when their associated demands are made by powerful states and are limited in scope. Further, we find that less than half of exit threats are linked to reform demands: many states threaten to withdraw due to conflicts with another state or for face-saving purposes, without making reform requests. This contrasts with the conventional understanding that exit threats often represent a backlash against international organizations. Perhaps surprisingly, the dynamics of bargaining over reform suggest that some organizations may emerge more, rather than less, resilient after states threaten to withdraw. We conclude with policy implications for rethinking multilateralism. date: 2023-01-23 date_type: published official_url: https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2023.67826 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 1981647 doi: 10.1525/gp.2023.67826 lyricists_name: von Borzyskowski, Inken lyricists_id: IVONB07 actors_name: von Borzyskowski, Inken actors_id: IVONB07 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Global Perspectives volume: 4 number: 1 article_number: 67826 citation: von Borzyskowski, Inken; Vabulas, Felicity; (2023) When Do Withdrawal Threats Achieve Reform in International Organizations? Global Perspectives , 4 (1) , Article 67826. 10.1525/gp.2023.67826 <https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2023.67826>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10164936/1/Borzyskowski%20Vabulas_2023_Withdrawal%20threats%20and%20reform.pdf