eprintid: 10149177 rev_number: 7 eprint_status: archive userid: 699 dir: disk0/10/14/91/77 datestamp: 2022-05-26 11:38:18 lastmod: 2022-05-26 11:38:18 status_changed: 2022-05-26 11:38:18 type: article metadata_visibility: show sword_depositor: 699 creators_name: Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla creators_name: Reich, Peter B creators_name: Gamarra, Javier GP creators_name: Crowther, Tom creators_name: Hui, Cang creators_name: Morera, Albert creators_name: Bastin, Jean-Francois creators_name: de-Miguel, Sergio creators_name: Nabuurs, Gert-Jan creators_name: Svenning, Jens-Christian creators_name: Serra-Diaz, Josep M creators_name: Merow, Cory creators_name: Enquist, Brian creators_name: Kamenetsky, Maria creators_name: Lee, Junho creators_name: Zhu, Jun creators_name: Fang, Jinyun creators_name: Jacobs, Douglass F creators_name: Pijanowski, Bryan creators_name: Banerjee, Arindam creators_name: Giaquinto, Robert A creators_name: Alberti, Giorgio creators_name: Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica Maria creators_name: Alvarez-Davila, Esteban creators_name: Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro creators_name: Avitabile, Valerio creators_name: Aymard, Gerardo A creators_name: Balazy, Radomir creators_name: Baraloto, Chris creators_name: Barroso, Jorcely G creators_name: Bastian, Meredith L creators_name: Birnbaum, Philippe creators_name: Bitariho, Robert creators_name: Bogaert, Jan creators_name: Bongers, Frans creators_name: Bouriaud, Olivier creators_name: Brancalion, Pedro HS creators_name: Brearley, Francis Q creators_name: Broadbent, Eben North creators_name: Bussotti, Filippo creators_name: Castro da Silva, Wendeson creators_name: Gomes Cesar, Ricardo creators_name: Cesljar, Goran creators_name: Moscoso, Victor Chama creators_name: Chen, Han YH creators_name: Cienciala, Emil creators_name: Clark, Connie J creators_name: Coomes, David A creators_name: Dayanandan, Selvadurai creators_name: Decuyper, Mathieu creators_name: Dee, Laura E creators_name: Del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon creators_name: Derroire, Geraldine creators_name: Djuikouo, Marie Noel Kamdem creators_name: Tran, Van Do creators_name: Dolezal, Jiri creators_name: Dordevic, Ilija D creators_name: Engel, Julien creators_name: Fayle, Tom M creators_name: Feldpausch, Ted R creators_name: Fridman, Jonas K creators_name: Harris, David J creators_name: Hemp, Andreas creators_name: Hengeveld, Geerten creators_name: Herault, Bruno creators_name: Herold, Martin creators_name: Ibanez, Thomas creators_name: Jagodzinski, Andrzej M creators_name: Jaroszewicz, Bogdan creators_name: Jeffery, Kathryn J creators_name: Johannsen, Vivian Kvist creators_name: Jucker, Tommaso creators_name: Kangur, Ahto creators_name: Karminov, Victor N creators_name: Kartawinata, Kuswata creators_name: Kennard, Deborah K creators_name: Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian creators_name: Keppel, Gunnar creators_name: Khan, Mohammed Latif creators_name: Khare, Pramod Kumar creators_name: Kileen, Timothy J creators_name: Kim, Hyun Seok creators_name: Korjus, Henn creators_name: Kumar, Amit creators_name: Kumar, Ashwani creators_name: Laarmann, Diana creators_name: Labriere, Nicolas creators_name: Lang, Mait creators_name: Lewis, Simon L creators_name: Lukina, Natalia creators_name: Maitner, Brian S creators_name: Malhi, Yadvinder creators_name: Marshall, Andrew R creators_name: Martynenko, Olga V creators_name: Mendoza, Abel L Monteagudo creators_name: Ontikov, Petr V creators_name: Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar creators_name: Camacho, Nadir C Pallqui creators_name: Paquette, Alain creators_name: Park, Minjee creators_name: Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy creators_name: Peri, Pablo Luis creators_name: Petronelli, Pascal creators_name: Pfautsch, Sebastian creators_name: Phillips, Oliver L creators_name: Picard, Nicolas creators_name: Piotto, Daniel creators_name: Poorter, Lourens creators_name: Poulsen, John R creators_name: Pretzsch, Hans creators_name: Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma creators_name: Correa, Zorayda Restrepo creators_name: Rodeghiero, Mirco creators_name: Gonzales, Rocio Del Pilar Rojas creators_name: Rolim, Samir G creators_name: Rovero, Francesco creators_name: Rutishauser, Ervan creators_name: Saikia, Purabi creators_name: Salas-Eljatib, Christian creators_name: Schepaschenko, Dmitry creators_name: Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael creators_name: Seben, Vladimir creators_name: Silveira, Marcos creators_name: Slik, Ferry creators_name: Sonke, Bonaventure creators_name: Souza, Alexandre F creators_name: Sterenczak, Krzysztof Jan creators_name: Svoboda, Miroslav creators_name: Taedoumg, Hermann creators_name: Tchebakova, Nadja creators_name: Terborgh, John creators_name: Tikhonova, Elena creators_name: Torres-Lezama, Armando creators_name: van der Plas, Fons creators_name: Vasquez, Rodolfo creators_name: Viana, Helder creators_name: Vibrans, Alexander C creators_name: Vilanova, Emilio creators_name: Vos, Vincent A creators_name: Wang, Hua-Feng creators_name: Westerlund, Bertil creators_name: White, Lee JT creators_name: Wiser, Susan K creators_name: Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz creators_name: Zemagho, Lise creators_name: Zhu, Zhi-Xin creators_name: Zo-Bi, Irie C creators_name: Liang, Jingjing title: The number of tree species on Earth ispublished: pub divisions: C03 divisions: F26 divisions: B03 divisions: UCL keywords: Science & Technology, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Science & Technology - Other Topics, biodiversity, forests, hyperdominance, rarity, richness, BIODIVERSITY, RICHNESS, DIVERSITY, SAMPLE, PATTERNS, HETEROGENEITY, COMPLETENESS, ABUNDANCE, COVERAGE, ECOLOGY note: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third-party material in this article are included in the Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ abstract: One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground-sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness. date: 2022-01-31 date_type: published publisher: NATL ACAD SCIENCES official_url: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 1937541 doi: 10.1073/pnas.2115329119 medium: Print pii: 2115329119 lyricists_name: Lewis, Simon lyricists_id: SLLEW24 actors_name: Flynn, Bernadette actors_id: BFFLY94 actors_role: owner funding_acknowledgements: 88881.064976/2014-01 [Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel of Brazil (CAPES)]; 21-46-07002 [Russian Science Foundation]; 16-17-10284 [Russian Science Foundation]; [Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]; [Information Technology at Purdue, West Lafayette, Indiana]; 1017711 [US Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture McIntire Stennis]; 1016676 [US Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture McIntire Stennis]; [Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University]; NSF-DBI-2021898 [US NSF Biology Integration Institutes Program]; 2017YFC0504005 [Key Project of National Key Research and Development Plan, China]; 2014/14503-7 [Sao Paulo Research Foundation]; 2017/05662-2 [Sao Paulo Research Foundation]; 03/12595-7 [Sao Paulo Research Foundation]; 1998003436 [Proyecto FONACIT]; 23198105 [UNELLEZ]; 2816ERA02S [EU, Sumforest-REFORM, Risk Resilient ForestManagement, FKZ]; [German Research Foundation]; PR 292/12-1 [KROOF Tree and stand-level growth reactions on drought in mixed versus pure forests of Norway spruce and European beech]; 7831-26625-2017 [Bavarian State Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry, W07 long-term yield experiments]; E33 [Bavarian State Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry, W07 long-term yield experiments]; 1374 [Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Priority Program]; PD 53/00 Rev.3 [International Tropical Timber Organization Project]; [State Forest Management Centre, Estonia]; [Environmental Investment Centre, Estonia]; RGPIN-2014-04181 [Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discover]; STPGP428641 [Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discover]; GY0006894 [FEDER]; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958 [FEDER/COMPETE/POCI-Operacional Competitiveness and Internacionalization Programme]; UIDB/04033/2020 [FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology Project]; [ICNF-Instituto de Conservacao da Natureza e Florestas. 6degrees Inventario Florestal Nacional]; 1191816 [Chilean research Grants Fondecyt]; ID19 10421 [FONDEF]; NAFOSTED-106-NN.06-2016.10 [Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development Grant]; FOR 1246 [German Research Foundation]; LIFE13 ENV/PL/000048 [Life Plus Contract]; 485/2014/WN10/OP-NM-LF/D [National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Poland Contract]; 31660055 [National Natural Scientific Foundation of China]; 31660074 [National Natural Scientific Foundation of China]; [Polish State Forests National Forest Holding]; 2011/02/A/NZ9/00108 [National Science Center (Poland)]; [Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs]; 11-TE11-0100 [US NASA]; [TEAM/Conservation International project]; [Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia]; [Ministere des Forets, de la Faune et des Parcs du Quebec (Canada)]; FP7/2007-2013 [European Union]; 265171 [European Union]; BT/PR7928/NDB/52/9/2006 [DBT, Government of India]; [Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada]; 19-14620S [Czech Science Foundation]; 17-07378S [Czech Science Foundation]; 17-19376S [Czech Science Foundation]; 669609 [European Research Council]; 16-05-00496 [RFBR]; 26220220026 [project implementation demonstration object on the transformation of declining spruce forests into ecologically more stable multi-functional ecosystems, ITMS]; [Research & Development Operational Program - ERDF]; [Swedish NFI]; [Department of Forest Resource Management]; [Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU]; 89967 [National Research Foundation of South Africa]; 109244 [National Research Foundation of South Africa]; [South African Research Chair Initiative]; [University Research Committee of the University of the South Pacific and New Colombo Plan through the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Australian government]; [Moore Foundation]; [Buffett Foundation through Conservation International and Wildlife Conservation Society]; SD/AR/01A [Belgian Science Policy Office Contract]; FKZ 01LL0908AD [German Federal Ministry of Education and Research Grant]; 04/97-1111a [Programme Tropenbos Cote d'Ivoire Project]; 6108-00078B [Danish Council for Independent Research j Natural Sciences TREECHANGE]; 16549 [VILLUM FONDEN]; 291585 [ERC]; [Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award]; NE/F005806/1 [UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), notably NERC Consortium Grants AMAZONICA]; NE/D005590/1 [TROBIT]; NE/N012542/1 [BIO-RED]; 312075/2013-8 [Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico, CNPq]; ANR-10-LABX-25-01 [Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA)]; [Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad)]; [Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]; [European Union]; [International Climate Initiative of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety]; [CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry]; [CGIAR Fund]; [Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union]; [German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety through the International Climate Initiative]; [Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico]; CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000433 [OP RDE]; BZ-5041 [EC DG VIII]; W84-204 [NWO-WOTRO]; [GTZ]; [local communities and NERC]; [ERC]; [Royal Society]; [Leverhume Trust]; [BOLFOR (Proyecto de Manejo Forestal Sostenible Bolivia)]; F-071 [Global Environment Research Fund]; D-1006 [Global Environment Research Fund]; JP17K15289 [JSPS KAKENHI]; 4000114425/15/NL/FF/gp [National Institute of Biology (now the Research Center for Biology), Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia IFBN Project - ESA]; DBI-1565046 [NSF]; DEB-0424767 [NSF]; DEB-0639393 [NSF]; [NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program]; 130720 [Swiss National Science Foundation]; 147092 [Swiss National Science Foundation]; D/9170/07 [Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional para el Desarrollo)]; D/018222/08 [Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional para el Desarrollo)]; D/023225/09 [Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional para el Desarrollo)]; D/032548/10 [Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional para el Desarrollo)]; [Universidad Mayor de San Simon]; [Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia project]; [Compania Industrial Maderera Ltda.]; [Agency for Economic and Environmental Development of the north province of New Caledonia (Projects Ecofor Cogefor)]; [Natural Environment Research Council (United Kingdom)]; [Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional para el Desarrollo)]; [governments of Syria and Lebanon]; [COBIMFO Project, Federal Science Policy, Belgium]; [Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Mexico]; [Comision Nacional Forestal, Mexico]; ST54 [WWF Russell Train Fellowship]; [Wildlife Conservation Society DRC Program under CARPE]; [Seoul National University Big Data Institute]; 2013069C10-1719-AA03 [Korea Forest Service (the Korea Forestry Promotion Institute)]; S111215L020110 [Korea Forest Service (the Korea Forestry Promotion Institute)]; YSS/2015/000479 [Science and Engineering Research Board, Government of India]; [Tropenbos International-Suriname]; [Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg]; BIOSTRATEG1/267755/4/NCBR/2015 [National Centre for Research and Development, Warsaw, Poland, under BIOSTRATEG Program]; OR/2717/3/11 [General Directorate of State Forests, Warsaw, Poland]; 1/07 [General Directorate of State Forests, Warsaw, Poland]; [Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development]; [Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador]; [National Forest Programme of the National Institute of Agricultural Research]; 2014/14503-7 [FAPEAM-PRONEX]; 2017/05662-2 [FAPEAM-PRONEX]; 03/12595-7 [FAPEAM-PRONEX]; 403792/2012-6 [CNPq/FAPEAM-PELD]; MCTI-FINEP 1759/10 [ATTO Project]; BMBF 01LB1001A [ATTO Project]; RVO 67985939 [Long-Term Research Development Project of Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences]; APVV-20-0168 [Slovak Research and Development Agency Project]; [Strategic Science Investment Fund of the New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment]; 2014/14503-7 [FAPESP]; 2017/05662-2 [FAPESP]; 479599/2008-4 [CNPq Universal]; CIF21 DIBBs: EI: 1724728 [NSF Grant]; [LUCAS programme for the Ministry for the Environment]; NE/K016377/1 [Human Modified Tropical Forests Programme of NERC]; DEB-1831944 [US NSF Long-Term Ecological Research]; NSF-DBI-2021898 [Biological Integration Institutes] full_text_status: public publication: Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) volume: 119 number: 6 article_number: e2115329119 pages: 11 event_location: United States citation: Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla; Reich, Peter B; Gamarra, Javier GP; Crowther, Tom; Hui, Cang; Morera, Albert; Bastin, Jean-Francois; ... Liang, Jingjing; + view all <#> Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla; Reich, Peter B; Gamarra, Javier GP; Crowther, Tom; Hui, Cang; Morera, Albert; Bastin, Jean-Francois; de-Miguel, Sergio; Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Serra-Diaz, Josep M; Merow, Cory; Enquist, Brian; Kamenetsky, Maria; Lee, Junho; Zhu, Jun; Fang, Jinyun; Jacobs, Douglass F; Pijanowski, Bryan; Banerjee, Arindam; Giaquinto, Robert A; Alberti, Giorgio; Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica Maria; Alvarez-Davila, Esteban; Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro; Avitabile, Valerio; Aymard, Gerardo A; Balazy, Radomir; Baraloto, Chris; Barroso, Jorcely G; Bastian, Meredith L; Birnbaum, Philippe; Bitariho, Robert; Bogaert, Jan; Bongers, Frans; Bouriaud, Olivier; Brancalion, Pedro HS; Brearley, Francis Q; Broadbent, Eben North; Bussotti, Filippo; Castro da Silva, Wendeson; Gomes Cesar, Ricardo; Cesljar, Goran; Moscoso, Victor Chama; Chen, Han YH; Cienciala, Emil; Clark, Connie J; Coomes, David A; Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Decuyper, Mathieu; Dee, Laura E; Del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon; Derroire, Geraldine; Djuikouo, Marie Noel Kamdem; Tran, Van Do; Dolezal, Jiri; Dordevic, Ilija D; Engel, Julien; Fayle, Tom M; Feldpausch, Ted R; Fridman, Jonas K; Harris, David J; Hemp, Andreas; Hengeveld, Geerten; Herault, Bruno; Herold, Martin; Ibanez, Thomas; Jagodzinski, Andrzej M; Jaroszewicz, Bogdan; Jeffery, Kathryn J; Johannsen, Vivian Kvist; Jucker, Tommaso; Kangur, Ahto; Karminov, Victor N; Kartawinata, Kuswata; Kennard, Deborah K; Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian; Keppel, Gunnar; Khan, Mohammed Latif; Khare, Pramod Kumar; Kileen, Timothy J; Kim, Hyun Seok; Korjus, Henn; Kumar, Amit; Kumar, Ashwani; Laarmann, Diana; Labriere, Nicolas; Lang, Mait; Lewis, Simon L; Lukina, Natalia; Maitner, Brian S; Malhi, Yadvinder; Marshall, Andrew R; Martynenko, Olga V; Mendoza, Abel L Monteagudo; Ontikov, Petr V; Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar; Camacho, Nadir C Pallqui; Paquette, Alain; Park, Minjee; Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy; Peri, Pablo Luis; Petronelli, Pascal; Pfautsch, Sebastian; Phillips, Oliver L; Picard, Nicolas; Piotto, Daniel; Poorter, Lourens; Poulsen, John R; Pretzsch, Hans; Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma; Correa, Zorayda Restrepo; Rodeghiero, Mirco; Gonzales, Rocio Del Pilar Rojas; Rolim, Samir G; Rovero, Francesco; Rutishauser, Ervan; Saikia, Purabi; Salas-Eljatib, Christian; Schepaschenko, Dmitry; Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael; Seben, Vladimir; Silveira, Marcos; Slik, Ferry; Sonke, Bonaventure; Souza, Alexandre F; Sterenczak, Krzysztof Jan; Svoboda, Miroslav; Taedoumg, Hermann; Tchebakova, Nadja; Terborgh, John; Tikhonova, Elena; Torres-Lezama, Armando; van der Plas, Fons; Vasquez, Rodolfo; Viana, Helder; Vibrans, Alexander C; Vilanova, Emilio; Vos, Vincent A; Wang, Hua-Feng; Westerlund, Bertil; White, Lee JT; Wiser, Susan K; Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz; Zemagho, Lise; Zhu, Zhi-Xin; Zo-Bi, Irie C; Liang, Jingjing; - view fewer <#> (2022) The number of tree species on Earth. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) , 119 (6) , Article e2115329119. 10.1073/pnas.2115329119 <https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10149177/1/pnas.2115329119.pdf