TY - GEN N1 - This version is the author accepted manuscript. For information on re-use, please refer to the publisher's terms and conditions. AV - public SP - 415 Y1 - 2021/01/01/ EP - 427 TI - Distributional Gaussian Process Layers for Outlier Detection in Image Segmentation T3 - Lecture Notes in Computer Science A1 - Popescu, SG A1 - Sharp, DJ A1 - Cole, JH A1 - Kamnitsas, K A1 - Glocker, B CY - Cham, Switzerland UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78191-0_32 PB - Springer SN - 1611-3349 N2 - We propose a parameter efficient Bayesian layer for hierarchical convolutional Gaussian Processes that incorporates Gaussian Processes operating in Wasserstein-2 space to reliably propagate uncertainty. This directly replaces convolving Gaussian Processes with a distance-preserving affine operator on distributions. Our experiments on brain tissue-segmentation show that the resulting architecture approaches the performance of well-established deterministic segmentation algorithms (U-Net), which has never been achieved with previous hierarchical Gaussian Processes. Moreover, by applying the same segmentation model to out-of-distribution data (i.e., images with pathology such as brain tumors), we show that our uncertainty estimates result in out-of-distribution detection that outperforms the capabilities of previous Bayesian networks and reconstruction-based approaches that learn normative distributions. ID - discovery10134583 ER -