@article{discovery10131088,
         journal = {Software: Practice and Experience},
       publisher = {WILEY},
           title = {Code-level model checking in the software development workflow at Amazon Web Services},
            year = {2021},
          number = {4},
           month = {April},
           pages = {772--797},
            note = {{\copyright} 2021 The Authors. Software:Practice and Experience published by John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).},
          volume = {51},
        keywords = {continuous integration, model checking, memory safety},
             url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.2949},
        abstract = {This article describes a style of applying symbolic model checking developed over the course of four years at Amazon Web Services (AWS). Lessons learned are drawn from proving properties of numerous C-based systems, for example, custom hypervisors, encryption code, boot loaders, and an IoT operating system. Using our methodology, we find that we can prove the correctness of industrial low-level C-based systems with reasonable effort and predictability. Furthermore, AWS developers are increasingly writing their own formal specifications. As part of this effort, we have developed a CI system that allows integration of the proofs into standard development workflows and extended the proof tools to provide better feedback to users. All proofs discussed in this article are publicly available on GitHub.},
          author = {Chong, N and Cook, B and Eidelman, J and Kallas, K and Khazem, K and Monteiro, FR and Schwartz-Narbonne, D and Tasiran, S and Tautschnig, M and Tuttle, MR}
}