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<https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10111164> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/title> "Flexibility to contingency changes distinguishes habitual and goal-directed strategies in humans"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> .
<https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10111164> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/abstract> "Decision-making in the real world presents the challenge of requiring flexible yet prompt\r\nbehavior, a balance that has been characterized in terms of a trade-off between a slower,\r\nprospective goal-directed model-based (MB) strategy and a fast, retrospective habitual\r\nmodel-free (MF) strategy. Theory predicts that flexibility to changes in both reward values\r\nand transition contingencies can determine the relative influence of the two systems in reinforcement\r\nlearning, but few studies have manipulated the latter. Therefore, we developed a\r\nnovel two-level contingency change task in which transition contingencies between states\r\nchange every few trials; MB and MF control predict different responses following these contingency\r\nchanges, allowing their relative influence to be inferred. Additionally, we manipulated\r\nthe rate of contingency changes in order to determine whether contingency change\r\nvolatility would play a role in shifting subjects between a MB and MF strategy. We found that\r\nhuman subjects employed a hybrid MB/MF strategy on the task, corroborating the parallel\r\ncontribution of MB and MF systems in reinforcement learning. Further, subjects did not remain\r\nat one level of MB/MF behaviour but rather displayed a shift towards more MB behavior\r\nover the first two blocks that was not attributable to the rate of contingency changes but\r\nrather to the extent of training. We demonstrate that flexibility to contingency changes can\r\ndistinguish MB and MF strategies, with human subjects utilizing a hybrid strategy that shifts\r\ntowards more MB behavior over blocks, consequently corresponding to a higher payoff."^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> .
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