eprintid: 10110429 rev_number: 14 eprint_status: archive userid: 608 dir: disk0/10/11/04/29 datestamp: 2020-09-23 09:56:49 lastmod: 2021-10-09 22:42:53 status_changed: 2020-09-23 09:56:49 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Sayol, F creators_name: Collado, MÁ creators_name: Garcia-Porta, J creators_name: Seid, MA creators_name: Gibbs, J creators_name: Agorreta, A creators_name: Mauro, DS creators_name: Raemakers, I creators_name: Sol, D creators_name: Bartomeus, I title: Feeding specialization and longer generation time are associated with relatively larger brains in bees ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B02 divisions: C08 divisions: D09 divisions: F99 keywords: Apoidea, brain evolution, lecticity, voltinism note: This version is the author accepted manuscript. For information on re-use, please refer to the publisher's terms and conditions. abstract: Despite their miniature brains, insects exhibit substantial variation in brain size. Although the functional significance of this variation is increasingly recognized, research on whether differences in insect brain sizes are mainly the result of constraints or selective pressures has hardly been performed. Here, we address this gap by combining prospective and retrospective phylogenetic-based analyses of brain size for a major insect group, bees (superfamily Apoidea). Using a brain dataset of 93 species from North America and Europe, we found that body size was the single best predictor of brain size in bees. However, the analyses also revealed that substantial variation in brain size remained even when adjusting for body size. We consequently asked whether such variation in relative brain size might be explained by adaptive hypotheses. We found that ecologically specialized species with single generations have larger brains-relative to their body size-than generalist or multi-generation species, but we did not find an effect of sociality on relative brain size. Phylogenetic reconstruction further supported the existence of different adaptive optima for relative brain size in lineages differing in feeding specialization and reproductive strategy. Our findings shed new light on the evolution of the insect brain, highlighting the importance of ecological pressures over social factors and suggesting that these pressures are different from those previously found to influence brain evolution in other taxa. date: 2020-09-30 date_type: published official_url: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0762 oa_status: green full_text_type: other language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 1813921 doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0762 lyricists_name: Sayol, Ferran lyricists_id: FSAYO96 actors_name: Sayol, Ferran actors_id: FSAYO96 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences volume: 287 number: 1935 article_number: 20200762 event_location: England citation: Sayol, F; Collado, MÁ; Garcia-Porta, J; Seid, MA; Gibbs, J; Agorreta, A; Mauro, DS; ... Bartomeus, I; + view all <#> Sayol, F; Collado, MÁ; Garcia-Porta, J; Seid, MA; Gibbs, J; Agorreta, A; Mauro, DS; Raemakers, I; Sol, D; Bartomeus, I; - view fewer <#> (2020) Feeding specialization and longer generation time are associated with relatively larger brains in bees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 287 (1935) , Article 20200762. 10.1098/rspb.2020.0762 <https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0762>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10110429/1/Sayol_ProcB_MS_accepted.pdf