eprintid: 10106208 rev_number: 20 eprint_status: archive userid: 608 dir: disk0/10/10/62/08 datestamp: 2020-08-04 09:24:06 lastmod: 2021-09-26 23:19:17 status_changed: 2020-08-04 09:24:06 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Emmott, EH creators_name: Mace, R title: Why the Son-bias in Caregiving? Testing Sex-differences in the Associations Between Paternal Caregiving and Child Outcomes in England ispublished: inpress divisions: UCL divisions: B03 divisions: C03 divisions: F22 keywords: child care, quantitative, father–child relationship, parent/child relations, gender and family note: Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. This is an Open Access article published under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence. abstract: Studies show that fathers across Western populations tend to provide more care to sons than daughters. Following a human behavioral ecological framework, we hypothesize that son-biases in fathering may (at least in part) be due to differences in fitness returns to paternal direct investments by child’s sex. In this study, we investigate sex-differences in the associations between paternal caregiving and children’s outcomes in stable, two-parent families. Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we test whether paternal caregiving in early childhood is associated with different effects on children’s school test scores and behavioral difficulties by children’s sex. Overall, we find that paternal caregiving is associated with higher school test scores and lower behavioral difficulty scores, but the association between paternal caregiving and school test scores was stronger for boys. Our findings highlight possible sex-differences in returns to paternal caregiving for certain domains of child outcomes in England. date: 2020-07-18 publisher: SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC official_url: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X20941902 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 1800076 doi: 10.1177/0192513X20941902 lyricists_name: Emmott, Emily lyricists_name: Mace, Ruth lyricists_id: EEMMO66 lyricists_id: RHMAC12 actors_name: Emmott, Emily actors_id: EEMMO66 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Journal of Family Issues pages: 30 citation: Emmott, EH; Mace, R; (2020) Why the Son-bias in Caregiving? Testing Sex-differences in the Associations Between Paternal Caregiving and Child Outcomes in England. Journal of Family Issues 10.1177/0192513X20941902 <https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X20941902>. (In press). Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10106208/1/EmmottMace_2020.pdf