eprintid: 10104281 rev_number: 24 eprint_status: archive userid: 608 dir: disk0/10/10/42/81 datestamp: 2020-07-09 07:40:24 lastmod: 2021-09-19 23:16:18 status_changed: 2020-07-09 07:40:24 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Shil, A creators_name: Olusanya, O creators_name: Ghufoor, Z creators_name: Forson, B creators_name: Marks, J creators_name: Chichger, H title: Artificial Sweeteners Disrupt Tight Junctions and Barrier Function in the Intestinal Epithelium through Activation of the Sweet Taste Receptor, T1R3 ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B02 divisions: C08 divisions: D09 divisions: G02 keywords: Caco-2, claudin, intestinal epithelium, permeability, sweeteners note: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. abstract: The breakdown of the intestinal epithelial barrier and subsequent increase in intestinal permeability can lead to systemic inflammatory diseases and multiple-organ failure. Nutrition impacts the intestinal barrier, with dietary components such as gluten increasing permeability. Artificial sweeteners are increasingly consumed by the general public in a range of foods and drinks. The sweet taste receptor (T1R3) is activated by artificial sweeteners and has been identified in the intestine to play a role in incretin release and glucose transport; however, T1R3 has not been previously linked to intestinal permeability. Here, the intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2, was used to study the effect of commonly-consumed artificial sweeteners, sucralose, aspartame and saccharin, on permeability. At high concentrations, aspartame and saccharin were found to induce apoptosis and cell death in intestinal epithelial cells, while at low concentrations, sucralose and aspartame increased epithelial barrier permeability and down-regulated claudin 3 at the cell surface. T1R3 knockdown was found to attenuate these effects of artificial sweeteners. Aspartame induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production to cause permeability and claudin 3 internalization, while sweetener-induced permeability and oxidative stress was rescued by the overexpression of claudin 3. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the artificial sweeteners sucralose, aspartame, and saccharin exert a range of negative effects on the intestinal epithelium through the sweet taste receptor T1R3. date: 2020-06-22 date_type: published official_url: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061862 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 1794033 doi: 10.3390/nu12061862 pii: nu12061862 lyricists_name: Marks, Joanne lyricists_id: JMARK89 actors_name: Dewerpe, Marie actors_id: MDDEW97 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Nutrients volume: 12 number: 6 article_number: 1862 event_location: Switzerland citation: Shil, A; Olusanya, O; Ghufoor, Z; Forson, B; Marks, J; Chichger, H; (2020) Artificial Sweeteners Disrupt Tight Junctions and Barrier Function in the Intestinal Epithelium through Activation of the Sweet Taste Receptor, T1R3. Nutrients , 12 (6) , Article 1862. 10.3390/nu12061862 <https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061862>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10104281/9/Marks_Caco2%20sweet%20taste%20paper%20-%20Nutrients%20submitted%20version.pdf