eprintid: 10096542 rev_number: 14 eprint_status: archive userid: 608 dir: disk0/10/09/65/42 datestamp: 2020-05-01 13:05:56 lastmod: 2021-09-17 22:26:51 status_changed: 2020-05-01 13:05:56 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Giese, S creators_name: Lawrence, SP creators_name: Mazzon, M creators_name: Nijmeijer, BM creators_name: Marsh, M title: The Nef Protein of the Macrophage Tropic HIV-1 Strain AD8 Counteracts Human BST-2/Tetherin ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B02 divisions: C08 divisions: D77 keywords: BST-2, HIV-1, Nef, PBMC, macrophages, tetherin note: © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). abstract: Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Antigen 2 (BST-2)/tetherin inhibits the release of numerous enveloped viruses by physically tethering nascent particles to infected cells during the process of viral budding from the cell surface. Tetherin also restricts human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and pandemic main (M) group HIV type 1s (HIV-1s) are thought to rely exclusively on their Vpu proteins to overcome tetherin-mediated restriction of virus release. However, at least one M group HIV-1 strain, the macrophage-tropic primary AD8 isolate, is unable to express Vpu due to a mutation in its translation initiation codon. Here, using primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), we show that AD8 Nef protein can compensate for the absence of Vpu and restore virus release to wild type levels. We demonstrate that HIV-1 AD8 Nef reduces endogenous cell surface tetherin levels, physically separating it from the site of viral budding, thus preventing HIV retention. Mechanistically, AD8 Nef enhances internalisation of the long isoform of human tetherin, leading to perinuclear accumulation of the restriction factor. Finally, we show that Nef proteins from other HIV strains also display varying degrees of tetherin antagonism. Overall, we show that M group HIV-1s can use an accessory protein other than Vpu to antagonise human tetherin. date: 2020-04-18 date_type: published official_url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040459 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 1779102 doi: 10.3390/v12040459 pii: v12040459 lyricists_name: Lawrence, Scott lyricists_name: Marsh, Mark lyricists_id: SPLAW85 lyricists_id: MCPMA80 actors_name: Flynn, Bernadette actors_id: BFFLY94 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Viruses volume: 12 number: 4 article_number: 459 event_location: Switzerland citation: Giese, S; Lawrence, SP; Mazzon, M; Nijmeijer, BM; Marsh, M; (2020) The Nef Protein of the Macrophage Tropic HIV-1 Strain AD8 Counteracts Human BST-2/Tetherin. Viruses , 12 (4) , Article 459. 10.3390/v12040459 <https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040459>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10096542/1/viruses-12-00459-v2.pdf