@article{discovery10091277,
          volume = {578},
            note = {This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.},
           pages = {425--431},
           month = {February},
           title = {Clades of huge phages from across Earth's ecosystems},
            year = {2020},
         journal = {Nature},
        abstract = {Bacteriophages typically have small genomes and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication. Here we sequenced DNA from diverse ecosystems and found hundreds of phage genomes with lengths of more than 200�kilobases (kb), including a genome of 735�kb, which is-to our knowledge-the largest phage genome to be described to date. Thirty-five genomes were manually curated to completion (circular and no gaps). Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and previously undescribed CRISPR-Cas systems, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), tRNA synthetases, tRNA-modification enzymes, translation-initiation and elongation factors, and ribosomal proteins. The CRISPR-Cas systems of phages have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. In addition, some phages may repurpose bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems to eliminate competing phages. We phylogenetically define the major clades of huge phages from human and other animal microbiomes, as well as from oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that the large gene inventories of huge phages reflect a conserved biological strategy, and that the phages are distributed across a broad bacterial host range and across Earth's ecosystems.},
          author = {Al-Shayeb, B and Sachdeva, R and Chen, L-X and Ward, F and Munk, P and Devoto, A and Castelle, CJ and Olm, MR and Bouma-Gregson, K and Amano, Y and He, C and M{\'e}heust, R and Brooks, B and Thomas, A and Lavy, A and Matheus-Carnevali, P and Sun, C and Goltsman, DSA and Borton, MA and Sharrar, A and Jaffe, AL and Nelson, TC and Kantor, R and Keren, R and Lane, KR and Farag, IF and Lei, S and Finstad, K and Amundson, R and Anantharaman, K and Zhou, J and Probst, AJ and Power, ME and Tringe, SG and Li, W-J and Wrighton, K and Harrison, S and Morowitz, M and Relman, DA and Doudna, JA and Lehours, A-C and Warren, L and Cate, JHD and Santini, JM and Banfield, JF},
             url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2007-4},
        keywords = {Bacteriophages, Environmental microbiology, This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Metagenomics}
}