?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Exploring+the+Effect+of+Educational+Opportunity+and+Inequality+on+learning+Outcomes+in+Ethiopia%2C+Peru%2C+India+and+Vietnam&rft.creator=Rolleston%2C+C&rft.creator=James%2C+Z&rft.creator=Aurino%2C+E&rft.description=The+provision+of+access+to+good+quality+education+for+all+requires+not+only+improvements+in+access+and+quality%2C+but+improvements+in+the+way+access+and+quality+are+distributed+between+more+and+less+advantaged+children.+Longitudinal+data+from+the+Young+Lives+study+in+Ethiopia%2C+India+(in+the+state+of+Andhra+Pradesh)%2C+Peru+and+Vietnam+offer+a+unique+opportunity+to+explore+these+issues+in+comparative+perspective.+In+this+background+paper+for+the+UNESCO+Global+Monitoring+Report+we+examine+trends+in+enrolment+and+learning+across+two+cohorts+of+children%2C+born+in+1994%E2%80%9395+and+2001%E2%80%9302%2C+comparing+children+by+gender%2C+household+wealth%2C+and+residence+in+urban+and+rural+locations.+We+examine+both+learning+levels+and+changes+over+time%3B+taking+account+of+prior+learning+in+order+to+understand+both+the+cumulative+effects+of+children%E2%80%99s+backgrounds+and+school+quality+and+the+effects+on+learning+progress+during+particular+time+periods+spent+in+school.+Further%2C+we+explore+the+potential+impact+of+school+quality+and+%E2%80%98opportunities+to+learn%E2%80%99+in+mediating+the+relationships+between+disadvantage+and+learning+outcomes+through+two+comparative+analyses+%E2%80%93+a+comparison+between+India+and+Vietnam+on+children%E2%80%99s+progress+in+relation+to+curricular+expectations+and+a+comparison+between+Vietnam+and+Peru+on+the+effects+of+differences+in+school+quality+on+learning+attainment.%0D%0A%0D%0AWe+find+large+differences+in+learning+outcomes+are+evident%2C+attributable+in+many+respects+to+system-level+factors.+The+similarity+between+enrolled+children%E2%80%99s+outcomes+in+Ethiopia+and+pupils+in+India+suggests+that+were+Ethiopia+to+achieve+universal+enrolment+and+perhaps+admit+children+to+school+at+an+earlier+age%2C+children%E2%80%99s+learning+achievement+would+likely+be+at+a+similar+level+to+India.+This+underlines+the+crisis+of+quality+characterising+the+much+more+established+system+in+India%2C+where+access+has+been+near+universal+for+a+decade%2C+but+where+learning+levels+remain+low+and+progress+weak.+The+Indian+example+is+perhaps+instructive+in+the+Ethiopian+context%2C+where+it+will+be+important+that+due+attention+to+paid+to+improvements+in+quality+in+the+next+decade.+In+Peru%2C+standards+are+generally+high%2C+but+when+seen+in+relation+to+education+spending%2C+the+differences+between+both+schools+and+children+are+large.+By+contrast%2C+in+Vietnam+standards+are+high+and+the+specific+targeting+of+inequality+in+national+policy+is+likely+linked+to+a+relatively+equitable+distribution+of+school+quality.+Improving+equity+in+learning+progress+requires+particular+attention+to+learning+among+the+most+disadvantaged+groups%2C+and+targeted+policies+which+explicitly+focus+on+improving+educational+access+and+quality+for+the+least+advantaged+are+arguably+good+not+only+for+equity%2C+but+may+be+the+most+efficient+way+to+improve+levels+of+learning+overall.&rft.publisher=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization+(UNESCO)&rft.date=2013&rft.type=Working+%2F+discussion+paper&rft.language=eng&rft.source=++++United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization+(UNESCO)%3A+Paris%2C+France.+(2013)+++++&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F10089654%2F