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<https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10082709> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/abstract> "The analysis of circulating cancer biomarkers, including cell-free and circulating tumor DNA, circulating\r\ntumor cells, microRNA and exosomes, holds promise in revolutionizing cancer diagnosis and prognosis\r\nusing body fluid analysis, also known as liquid biopsy. To enable clinical application of these biomarkers,\r\nnew analytical tools capable of detecting them in very low concentrations in complex sample matrixes\r\nare needed. Metal nanoparticles have emerged as extraordinary analytical scaffolds because of their\r\nunique optoelectronic properties and ease of functionalization. Hence, multiple analytical techniques\r\nhave been developed based on these nanoparticles and their plasmonic properties. The aim of this review\r\nis to summarize and discuss the present development on the use of metal nanoparticles for the analysis\r\nof circulating cancer biomarkers. We examine how metal nanoparticles can be used as (1) analytical transducers in various sensing principles, such as aggregation induced colorimetric assays, plasmon resonance\r\nenergy transfer, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and refractive index sensing, and (2) signal\r\namplification elements in surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and electrochemical detection. We\r\ncritically discuss the clinical relevance of each category of circulating biomarkers, followed by a thorough\r\nanalysis of how these nanoparticle-based designs have overcome some of the main challenges that gold\r\nstandard analytical techniques currently face, and what new directions the field may take in the future."^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> .
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