eprintid: 10082408 rev_number: 25 eprint_status: archive userid: 608 dir: disk0/10/08/24/08 datestamp: 2019-09-30 14:44:46 lastmod: 2021-09-20 22:26:49 status_changed: 2019-09-30 14:44:46 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Abo-zeid, Y creators_name: Williams, G title: The potential anti-infective applications of metal oxide nanoparticles: A systematic review ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B02 divisions: C08 divisions: D10 divisions: G08 note: This version is the author accepted manuscript. For information on re-use, please refer to the publisher’s terms and conditions. abstract: Microbial infections present a major global healthcare challenge, in large part because of the development of microbial resistance to the currently approved antimicrobial drugs. This demands the development of new antimicrobial agents. Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are a class of materials that have been widely explored for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. They are reported to have wide‐ranging antimicrobial activities and to be potent against bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. The use of MONPs reduces the possibility of resistance developing because they have multiple mechanisms of action (including via reactive oxygen species generation), simultaneously attacking many sites in the microorganism. However, despite this there are to date no MONPs clinically approved for antimicrobial therapy. This review explores the recent literature in this area, discusses the mechanisms of MONP action against microorganisms, and considers the barriers faced to the use of MONPs in humans. These include biological challenges, of which the potential for an immune response and off‐target toxicity are key. We explore in detail the possible benefits/disbenefits of an immune response being initiated, and consider the effect of production method (chemical vs. green synthesis) on cytotoxicity. There are also a number of technical and manufacturing challenges hindering MONP translation to the clinic which are additionally discussed in depth. In the short term, there are potentially some “quick wins” from the repurposing of already‐approved nanoparticle‐based medicines for anti‐infective applications, but a number of hurdles, both technical and biological, lie in the path to long‐term clinical translation of new MONP‐based formulations. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials date: 2020-03 date_type: published publisher: Wiley-Blackwell official_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1592 oa_status: green full_text_type: other language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 1697383 doi: 10.1002/wnan.1592 lyricists_name: Williams, Gareth lyricists_id: GWILL02 actors_name: Williams, Gareth actors_id: GWILL02 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology volume: 12 number: 2 article_number: e1592 issn: 1939-0041 citation: Abo-zeid, Y; Williams, G; (2020) The potential anti-infective applications of metal oxide nanoparticles: A systematic review. WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology , 12 (2) , Article e1592. 10.1002/wnan.1592 <https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1592>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10082408/3/Williams_The%20potential%20anti-infective%20applications%20of%20metal%20oxide%20nanoparticles.%20A%20systematic%20review_AAM.pdf