@article{discovery10079594,
           title = {Geo-Referencing and Mapping 1901 Census Addresses for England and Wales},
            note = {{\copyright} 2019 by the Authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).},
          volume = {8},
       publisher = {MDPI AG},
         journal = {ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information},
            year = {2019},
           month = {August},
          number = {8},
        abstract = {Geocoding historical addresses is a primary yet nontrivial application of spatial analysis in historical geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial humanities. We demonstrate our endeavours of geo-referencing and visualising historical census addresses in England and Wales, by matching the residential addresses to a historical gazetteer and a contemporary address database of Britain. The results indicate that it is feasible to standardise and geocode a large share of unique addresses from the historical database. The historical gazetteer and the modern address registers are two complementary data assets that can be used to geo-reference both well-formatted addresses in urban areas and non-standard addresses such as place names or building names in rural areas. The geo-referenced historical census data open up new opportunities for a broad spectrum of geo-demographic research on historical population characteristics at the micro level in England and Wales.},
          author = {Lan, T and Longley, P},
             url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080320},
        keywords = {historical censuses; geocoding; address matching; historical geo-demographics; spatial humanities},
            issn = {2220-9964}
}