@article{discovery10079582,
            note = {Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. This is an
open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/).},
           title = {Depressive symptoms at age 9-13 and chronic disabling fatigue at age 16: A longitudinal study},
           pages = {123--129},
         journal = {Journal of Adolescence},
          volume = {75},
           month = {August},
            year = {2019},
            issn = {1095-9254},
        keywords = {ALSPAC, Adolescence, CFS/ME, Chronic fatigue, Mood, Pediatric},
        abstract = {Introduction: We investigated whether depressive symptoms at ages 9-13 years were associated
with chronic disabling fatigue (CDF) at age 16 among children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of
Parents \& Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort.
Methods: Depressive symptoms at ages 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 years were defined as a child- or
parent-completed Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) score {$\ge$}11 (range 0-26).
SMFQ score was also analysed as a continuous exposure. Chronic disabling fatigue at 16 was
defined as fatigue of {$\ge$}6 months' but {\ensuremath{<}} 5 years' duration which prevented school attendance or
activities, for which other causes were not identified, and with a Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire
score {$\ge$}19. Logistic regression was used with multiple imputation to correct for missing data
bias. We performed sensitivity analyses in which children who had CDF and depressive symptoms
at age 16 were reclassified as not having CDF.
Results: In fully adjusted models using imputed data (N = 13,978), depressive symptoms at ages
9, 11, and 13 years were associated with 2- to 3-fold higher odds of CDF at age 16. Each one-point
increase in SMFQ score at ages 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 years was associated with 6-11\% higher
odds of CDF at age 16. Depressive symptoms and continuous SMFQ scores at each age were not
associated with CDF if the outcome was reclassified to exclude children with comorbid depressive
symptoms at age 16.
Conclusions: Depressive symptoms at ages 9-13 were associated with chronic disabling fatigue at
age 16, but causality is not certain.},
          author = {Collin, SM and Norris, T and Joinson, C and Loades, ME and Lewis, G and Stansfeld, SA and Crawley, E},
             url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.07.014}
}