eprintid: 10060791 rev_number: 51 eprint_status: archive userid: 608 dir: disk0/10/06/07/91 datestamp: 2018-11-06 12:51:06 lastmod: 2021-09-21 22:11:20 status_changed: 2019-02-04 13:50:15 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Wheeler-Kingshott, CAM creators_name: Riemer, F creators_name: Palesi, F creators_name: Ricciardi, A creators_name: Castellazzi, G creators_name: Golay, X creators_name: Prados Carrasco, F creators_name: Solanky, B creators_name: D'Angelo, EU title: Challenges and perspectives of quantitative functional sodium imaging (fNaI) ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B02 divisions: C07 divisions: D07 divisions: F82 divisions: F87 divisions: B04 divisions: C05 divisions: F42 keywords: sodium imaging, functional imaging, neuronal activity, BOLD, MRI note: © 2018 Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott, Riemer, Palesi, Ricciardi, Castellazzi, Golay, Prados, Solanky and D’Angelo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. abstract: Brain function has been investigated via the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) effect using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the past decades. Advances in sodium imaging offer the unique chance to access signal changes directly linked to sodium ions (23Na) flux across the cell membrane, which generates action potentials, hence signal transmission in the brain. During this process 23Na transiently accumulates in the intracellular space. Here we show that quantitative functional sodium imaging (fNaI) at 3T is potentially sensitive to 23Na concentration changes during finger tapping, which can be quantified in gray and white matter regions key to motor function. For the first time, we measured a 23Na concentration change of 0.54 mmol/l in the ipsilateral cerebellum, 0.46 mmol/l in the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1), 0.27 mmol/l in the corpus callosum and -11 mmol/l in the ipsilateral M1, suggesting that fNaI is sensitive to distributed functional alterations. Open issues persist on the role of the glymphatic system in maintaining 23Na homeostasis, the role of excitation and inhibition as well as volume distributions during neuronal activity. Haemodynamic and physiological signal recordings coupled to realistic models of tissue function will be critical to understand the mechanisms of such changes and contribute to meeting the overarching challenge of measuring neuronal activity in vivo. date: 2018-11 date_type: published publisher: Frontiers Media official_url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00810 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green article_type_text: Article verified: verified_manual elements_id: 1599860 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00810 lyricists_name: Castellazzi, Gloria lyricists_name: Golay, Xavier lyricists_name: Prados Carrasco, Ferran lyricists_name: Ricciardi, Antonio lyricists_name: Solanky, Bhavana lyricists_name: Wheeler-Kingshott, Claudia lyricists_id: GCAST91 lyricists_id: XGOLA94 lyricists_id: FPRAD65 lyricists_id: ARICC01 lyricists_id: BSOLA92 lyricists_id: CWHEE14 actors_name: Stacey, Thomas actors_id: TSSTA20 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Frontiers in Neuroscience volume: 12 article_number: 810 issn: 1662-4548 citation: Wheeler-Kingshott, CAM; Riemer, F; Palesi, F; Ricciardi, A; Castellazzi, G; Golay, X; Prados Carrasco, F; ... D'Angelo, EU; + view all <#> Wheeler-Kingshott, CAM; Riemer, F; Palesi, F; Ricciardi, A; Castellazzi, G; Golay, X; Prados Carrasco, F; Solanky, B; D'Angelo, EU; - view fewer <#> (2018) Challenges and perspectives of quantitative functional sodium imaging (fNaI). Frontiers in Neuroscience , 12 , Article 810. 10.3389/fnins.2018.00810 <https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00810>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10060791/23/Wheeler-Kingshott_Challenges%20and%20Perspectives%20of%20Quantitative%20Functional%20Sodium%20Imaging.pdf