eprintid: 10059597 rev_number: 40 eprint_status: archive userid: 608 dir: disk0/10/05/95/97 datestamp: 2018-10-26 13:13:42 lastmod: 2021-09-26 22:27:59 status_changed: 2019-02-12 17:09:48 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Karsa, A creators_name: Punwani, S creators_name: Shmueli, K title: The effect of low resolution and coverage on the accuracy of susceptibility mapping ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B02 divisions: C10 divisions: D17 divisions: FI6 divisions: B04 divisions: C05 divisions: F42 keywords: QSM accuracy, decreased contrast, low resolution, magnetic susceptibility, magnetic susceptibility mapping, reduced field-of-view note: © 2018 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. abstract: PURPOSE: Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has found increasing clinical applications. However, to reduce scan time, clinical acquisitions often use reduced resolution and coverage, particularly in the through-slice dimension. The effect of these factors on QSM has begun to be assessed using only balloon phantoms and downsampled brain images. Here, we investigate the effects (and their sources) of low resolution or coverage on QSM using both simulated and acquired images. METHODS: Brain images were acquired at 1 mm isotropic resolution and full brain coverage, and low resolution (up to 6 mm slice thickness) or coverage (down to 20 mm) in 5 healthy volunteers. Images at reduced resolution or coverage were also simulated in these volunteers and in a new, anthropomorphic, numerical phantom. Mean susceptibilities in 5 brain regions, including white matter, were investigated over varying resolution and coverage. RESULTS: The susceptibility map contrast decreased with increasing slice thickness and spacing, and with decreasing coverage below ~40 mm for 2 different QSM pipelines. Our simulations showed that calculated susceptibility values were erroneous at low resolution or very low coverage, because of insufficient sampling and overattenuation of the susceptibility-induced field perturbations. Susceptibility maps calculated from simulated and acquired images showed similar behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Both low resolution and low coverage lead to loss of contrast and errors in susceptibility maps. The widespread clinical practice of using low resolution and coverage does not provide accurate susceptibility maps. Simulations in images of healthy volunteers and in a new, anthropomorphic numerical phantom were able to accurately model low-resolution and low-coverage acquisitions. date: 2019-03 date_type: published official_url: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.27542 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green article_type_text: Journal Article verified: verified_manual elements_id: 1596672 doi: 10.1002/mrm.27542 lyricists_name: Karsa, Anita lyricists_name: Punwani, Shonit lyricists_name: Shmueli, Karin lyricists_id: AKARS34 lyricists_id: SPUNW14 lyricists_id: KSHMU54 actors_name: Cuccu, Clara actors_id: CCCUC40 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine volume: 81 number: 3 pagerange: 1833-1848 event_location: United States issn: 1522-2594 citation: Karsa, A; Punwani, S; Shmueli, K; (2019) The effect of low resolution and coverage on the accuracy of susceptibility mapping. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine , 81 (3) pp. 1833-1848. 10.1002/mrm.27542 <https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.27542>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10059597/7/Karsa%20VoR%20Karsa_et_al-2019-Magnetic_Resonance_in_Medicine.pdf