@article{discovery10048726,
          volume = {12},
            note = {This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images
or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license,
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           title = {Disrupted Module Efficiency of Structural and Functional Brain Connectomes in Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis},
           month = {April},
            year = {2018},
         journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
       publisher = {FRONTIERS MEDIA SA},
          author = {Liu, Y and Duan, Y and Dong, H and Barkhof, F and Li, K and Shu, N},
             url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00138},
            issn = {1662-5161},
        keywords = {Science \& Technology, Social Sciences, Life Sciences \& Biomedicine, Neurosciences, Psychology, Neurosciences \& Neurology, multiple sclerosis, clinically isolated syndrome, diffusion MRI, functional MRI, graph theory, brain network, RESTING-STATE, COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, DEFAULT-MODE, LESION LOAD, NETWORKS, CONNECTIVITY, DISABILITY, PATHOGENESIS, ORGANIZATION, TRACTOGRAPHY},
        abstract = {Recent studies have demonstrated disrupted topological organization of brain
connectome in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, whether the communication efficiency
between different functional systems is affected in the early stage of MS remained largely
unknown. In this study, we constructed the structural connectivity (SC) and functional
connectivity (FC) networks in 41 patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), 32 MS
patients and 35 healthy controls (HC) based on diffusion and resting-state functional
MRI. To quantify the communication efficiency within and between different functional
systems, we proposed two measures called intra- and inter-module efficiency. Based
on the module parcellation of functional backbone network, the intra- and inter-module
efficiency of SC and FC networks was calculated for each participant. For the SC
network, CIS showed decreased inter-module efficiency between the sensory-motor
network (SMN), the visual network (VN), the default-mode network (DMN) and the
fronto-parietal network (FPN) compared with HC, while MS showed more widespread
decreased module efficiency both within and between modules relative to HC and CIS.
For the FC network, no differences were found between CIS and HC, and a decreased
inter-module efficiency between SMN and FPN and between VN and FPN was identified
in MS, compared with HC and CIS. Moreover, both intra- and inter-module efficiency of
SC network were correlated with the disability and cognitive scores in MS. Therefore, our
results demonstrated early SC changes between modules in CIS, and more widespread
SC alterations and inter-module FC changes were observed in MS, which were further
associated with cognitive impairment and physical disability.}
}