Hillier, B.; (2007) Space is the machine, part two: non-discursive regularities. In: Space is the machine: a configurational theory of architecture. (pp. 110-214). Space Syntax: London, UK.

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Abstract

Part II of the book, ‘Non-discursive Regularities’, sets out a number of studies in which regularities in the relation between spatial configuration and the observed functioning of built environments have been established using ‘non-discursive techniques’ of analysis to control the architectural variables. Chapter 4, ‘Cities as movement economies’ reports a fundamental research finding: that movement in the urban grid is, other things being equal, generated by the configuration of the grid itself. This finding allows completely new insights into the structure of urban grids, and the way these structures relate to urban functioning. The relation between grid and movement in fact underlies many other aspects of urban form: the distribution of land uses, such as retail and residence, the spatial patterning of crime, the evolution of different densities and even the part-whole structure of cities. The influence of the fundamental grid-movement relation is so pervasive that cities are conceptualised in the chapter as ‘movement economies’, in which the structuring of movement by the grid leads, through multiplier effects, to dense patterns of mixed use encounter that characterise the spatially successful city. Chapter 5, ‘Can architecture cause social malaise?’ then discusses how this can go wrong. Focusing on specific studies of housing estates using configurational analysis coupled to intensive observation as well as social data it is shown how the overly complex and poorly structured internal space of many housing estates, including low-rise estates, leads to impoverishment of the ‘virtual community’ — that is, the system of natural co-presence and co-awareness created by spatial design and realised through movement - and this in turn leads to anti-social uses of space, which are the first stage in decline towards the ‘sink estate’. Because the role of space in this process is to create a disorderly and unsafe pattern of space use, and this is then perceived and experienced, it is possible to conceptualise how architecture works alongside social processes to create social decline. In a sense, the creation of disorderly space use through maladroit space design creates the first symptoms of decline, even before any real decline has occurred. In a sense then, it is argued, we find that the symptoms help to bring about the disease. Chapter 6, ‘Time as an aspect of space’ then considers another fundamental difference between urban forms: that between cities which serve the needs of production, distribution and trade, and those which serve the needs of social reproduction, that is of government, major social institutions and bureaucracies. A series of ‘strange towns’ are examined, and it is shown how in their spatial properties, they are in many senses the opposite to the ‘normal’ towns considered in Chapter 5. The detailed spatial mechanisms of these towns are examined, and a ‘genotype’ proposed. An explanation is then suggested as to why ‘cities of social reproduction’ tend to construct these distinctive types of spatial patterns. Chapter 7, ‘Visible Colleges’, then turns to the interiors of buildings. It begins by setting out a general theory of space in buildings, taking into account the results of settlement analysis, and then highlights a series of studies of buildings. A key distinction is made between ‘long and short models’, that is, between cases where space is strongly governed by rules, and therefore acts to conserve given social statuses and relationships and cases where space acts to generate relations over and above those given by the social situation. The concept of long and short models permits social relations and spatial configuration to be conceptualised in an analogous way. A ritual is a long model social event, since all that happens is governed by rules, and a ritual typically generates a precise system of spatial relationships and movements through time, that is, a spatial ‘long model’. A party is a short model event, since its object is to generate new relationships by shuffling them in space, and this means that rules must be minimised by using a spatial ‘short model’. In a long model situation space is adapted to support the rules, and behavioural rules must also support it. In a short model situation, space evolves to structure, and often to maximise, encounter density.

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