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Michele E. Murdoch, Ian E. Murdoch, Jennifer Evans, Haliru Yahaya, Ngozi Njepuome, Simon Cousens, Barrie R. Jones, Adenike Abiose
Pre-control relationship of onchocercal skin disease with onchocercal infection in Guinea Savanna, Northern Nigeria
www.plosntds.org
www.plosntds.org
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(nonendemic)Tj
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(socio-economic)Tj
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(character-)Tj
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(microfilarial)Tj
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(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(individual)Tj
4.2916 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(community)Tj
4.8869 0 Td
(microfilar-)Tj
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(ial)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(load)Tj
1.9332 0 Td
(\(CMFL\))Tj
3.5206 0 Td
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1.7008 0 Td
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4.2066 0 Td
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1.3833 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 438.1795 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Skin)Tj
2.1401 0 Td
(examinations)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
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10 0 0 10 200.0125 421.2283 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
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3.0897 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
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1.8992 0 Td
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(team)Tj
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(ophthalmic)Tj
4.7905 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(17)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8482 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(dermatological)Tj
-31.6231 -1.3039 Td
(examinations)Tj
5.5898 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(individuals)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
(aged)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(5)Tj
0.6916 0 Td
(years)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(above.)Tj
2.7723 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(skin)Tj
1.8936 0 Td
(examinations)Tj
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(were)Tj
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(19881989.)Tj
4.7678 0 Td
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1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(local)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(language)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(\(Hausa\))Tj
3.4242 0 Td
(about)Tj
2.4945 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(of)Tj
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(itching.)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
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2.0069 0 Td
(examinations)Tj
5.5955 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(conducted)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(privately)Tj
3.685 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(natural)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(daylight.)Tj
3.668 0 Td
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1.7858 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(or)Tj
-34.3556 -1.3039 Td
(absence)Tj
3.3391 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(palpable)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(onchocercal)Tj
5.057 0 Td
(nodules)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(various)Tj
3.1408 0 Td
(types)Tj
2.2733 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(onchocercal)Tj
5.057 0 Td
(skin)Tj
1.8935 0 Td
(disease)Tj
-32.8986 -1.2983 Td
(\(OSD\))Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(noted)Tj
2.5284 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(form)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3925 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(standard)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(clinical)Tj
3.0728 0 Td
(classification)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
(system)Tj
2.9423 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(16)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(Acute)Tj
2.5738 0 Td
(papular)Tj
-34.418 -1.2982 Td
(onchodermatitis)Tj
6.8031 0 Td
(\(APOD\),)Tj
3.8494 0 Td
(chronic)Tj
3.2881 0 Td
(papular)Tj
3.2655 0 Td
(onchodermatitis)Tj
6.8031 0 Td
(\(CPOD\),)Tj
3.8325 0 Td
(lichenified)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(papular)Tj
-32.2694 -1.304 Td
(onchodermatitis)Tj
6.8031 0 Td
(\(LOD\),)Tj
3.1464 0 Td
(atrophy,)Tj
3.5546 0 Td
(depigmentation)Tj
6.565 0 Td
(\(DPM\),)Tj
3.3109 0 Td
(hanging)Tj
3.4809 0 Td
(groin)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
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-30.9654 -1.2982 Td
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(APOD,)Tj
3.1747 0 Td
(CPOD)Tj
2.9254 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(LOD)Tj
2.2393 0 Td
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(collectively)Tj
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3.0841 0 Td
(reactive)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(skin)Tj
-34.1799 -1.2983 Td
(lesions.)Tj
3.1577 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1112 0 Td
(order)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(avoid)Tj
2.4094 0 Td
(confusion)Tj
4.1953 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(senile)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0942 0 Td
(age-related)Tj
4.6204 0 Td
(atrophy)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(skin,)Tj
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(onchocercal)Tj
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(skin)Tj
1.8935 0 Td
(atrophy)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
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1.7008 0 Td
(only)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
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3.7984 0 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(abnormal)Tj
4.0875 0 Td
(finding)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(individuals)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
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(less)Tj
1.61 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(50)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(years.)Tj
-34.6958 -1.2983 Td
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1.7801 0 Td
(categories)Tj
4.1952 0 Td
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1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(clinical)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(classification)Tj
5.3404 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
("consistent)Tj
4.5751 0 Td
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2.3187 0 Td
(rather)Tj
2.6476 0 Td
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3.1918 0 Td
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1.389 0 Td
(oncho-)Tj
-34.4974 -1.2982 Td
(cerciasis)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(subtype)Tj
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1.542 0 Td
(its)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(own)Tj
1.9616 0 Td
(clinical)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(differential)Tj
4.6034 0 Td
(diagnosis)Tj
3.9571 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(16)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(non-)Tj
-35.4895 -1.2983 Td
(onchocercal)Tj
5.0569 0 Td
(skin)Tj
1.8879 0 Td
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3.0217 0 Td
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1.6951 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(recorded.)Tj
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1.3946 0 Td
(skin)Tj
1.8936 0 Td
(examinations)Tj
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(were)Tj
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(conducted)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(masked)Tj
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1.8935 0 Td
(snip)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
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1.7348 0 Td
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5.2327 0 Td
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 210.6141 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
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ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 193.6062 cm
BT
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1 TL
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(Following)Tj
4.2179 0 Td
(preliminary)Tj
4.9436 0 Td
(discussions)Tj
4.7281 0 Td
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2.0013 0 Td
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1.4683 0 Td
(village)Tj
2.7553 0 Td
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(informed)Tj
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(consent)Tj
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1.3833 0 Td
(skin)Tj
1.8935 0 Td
(snipping)Tj
-33.4145 -1.2982 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(subsequent)Tj
4.7055 0 Td
(eye)Tj
1.5193 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(skin)Tj
1.8879 0 Td
(examinations)Tj
5.5955 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(obtained)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
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1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(local)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(Hausa)Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(language)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(con-)Tj
-35.4271 -1.3039 Td
(firmed)Tj
2.9139 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(signature)Tj
3.9174 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
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ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
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11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 139.011 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
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(Data)Tj
2.3102 0 Td
(analysis)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
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BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
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(Data)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
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2.1259 0 Td
(double-entered)Tj
6.3212 0 Td
(onto)Tj
2.0807 0 Td
(computers)Tj
4.473 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(software)Tj
3.5887 0 Td
(package)Tj
3.4128 0 Td
(DBase)Tj
2.7553 0 Td
(III+)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(were)Tj
-33.8908 -1.2982 Td
(cleaned)Tj
3.2484 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(DBase)Tj
2.7553 0 Td
(III+)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(SAS/PC.)Tj
3.634 0 Td
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3.7304 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(done)Tj
2.2223 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(STATA/IC)Tj
4.6205 0 Td
(12.0)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(http://www.)Tj
-32.1446 -1.3039 Td
(stata.com)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
4.5864 0 Td
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3.3448 0 Td
(regression,)Tj
4.5468 0 Td
(both)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(univariable)Tj
4.6998 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(multivariable,)Tj
5.7373 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(undertaken)Tj
4.8189 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(investi-)Tj
-34.2536 -1.2983 Td
(gate)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(association)Tj
4.6261 0 Td
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3.5263 0 Td
(various)Tj
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(of)Tj
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1.8935 0 Td
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3.0217 0 Td
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1.7292 0 Td
(onchocercal)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 183.2882 23.6976 re
W* n
q
183.2315 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 382.1669 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
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5.0244 0 Td
(onchocer)Tj
4.0394 0 Td
(cal)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(skin)Tj
1.963 0 Td
(disease)Tj
3.6001 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.9779 0 Td
(Northern)Tj
4.0465 0 Td
(Nigeria)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
163.5591 34.9228 m
317.7071 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
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11 dict begin
/FontName /TeX_CM_Maths_Symbols def
/FontType 1 def
/FontBBox {-20 -958 1114 770} readonly def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 8 dict dup begin
/FullName (TeX_CM_Maths_Symbols) readonly def
/BaseFontName (TeX_CM_Maths_Symbols) def
end def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 0 /C0 put
dup 1 /C1 put
dup 2 /C2 put
dup 3 /C3 put
dup 4 /C4 put
dup 5 /C5 put
dup 6 /C6 put
dup 7 /C7 put
dup 8 /C8 put
dup 9 /C9 put
dup 10 /C10 put
dup 11 /C11 put
dup 12 /C12 put
dup 13 /C13 put
dup 14 /C14 put
dup 15 /C15 put
dup 16 /C16 put
dup 17 /C17 put
dup 18 /C18 put
dup 19 /C19 put
dup 20 /C20 put
dup 21 /C21 put
dup 22 /C22 put
dup 23 /C23 put
dup 24 /C24 put
dup 25 /C25 put
dup 26 /C26 put
dup 27 /C27 put
dup 28 /C28 put
dup 29 /C29 put
dup 30 /C30 put
dup 31 /C31 put
dup 32 /space put
dup 33 /exclam put
dup 34 /quotedbl put
dup 35 /numbersign put
dup 36 /dollar put
dup 37 /percent put
dup 38 /ampersand put
dup 39 /quoteright put
dup 40 /parenleft put
dup 41 /parenright put
dup 42 /asterisk put
dup 43 /plus put
dup 44 /comma put
dup 45 /hyphen put
dup 46 /period put
dup 47 /slash put
dup 48 /zero put
dup 49 /one put
dup 50 /two put
dup 51 /three put
dup 52 /four put
dup 53 /five put
dup 54 /six put
dup 55 /seven put
dup 56 /eight put
dup 57 /nine put
dup 58 /colon put
dup 59 /semicolon put
dup 60 /less put
dup 61 /equal put
dup 62 /greater put
dup 63 /question put
dup 64 /at put
dup 65 /A put
dup 66 /B put
dup 67 /C put
dup 68 /D put
dup 69 /E put
dup 70 /F put
dup 71 /G put
dup 72 /H put
dup 73 /I put
dup 74 /J put
dup 75 /K put
dup 76 /L put
dup 77 /M put
dup 78 /N put
dup 79 /O put
dup 80 /P put
dup 81 /Q put
dup 82 /R put
dup 83 /S put
dup 84 /T put
dup 85 /U put
dup 86 /V put
dup 87 /W put
dup 88 /X put
dup 89 /Y put
dup 90 /Z put
dup 91 /bracketleft put
dup 92 /backslash put
dup 93 /bracketright put
dup 94 /asciicircum put
dup 95 /underscore put
dup 96 /quoteleft put
dup 97 /a put
dup 98 /b put
dup 99 /c put
dup 100 /d put
dup 101 /e put
dup 102 /f put
dup 103 /g put
dup 104 /h put
dup 105 /i put
dup 106 /j put
dup 107 /k put
dup 108 /l put
dup 109 /m put
dup 110 /n put
dup 111 /o put
dup 112 /p put
dup 113 /q put
dup 114 /r put
dup 115 /s put
dup 116 /t put
dup 117 /u put
dup 118 /v put
dup 119 /w put
dup 120 /x put
dup 121 /y put
dup 122 /z put
dup 123 /braceleft put
dup 124 /bar put
dup 125 /braceright put
dup 126 /asciitilde put
dup 127 /Euro put
dup 128 /ff put
dup 129 /ffi put
dup 130 /ffl put
dup 131 /C131 put
dup 132 /Eth put
dup 133 /eth put
dup 134 /Thorn put
dup 135 /thorn put
dup 136 /onequarter put
dup 137 /onehalf put
dup 138 /C138 put
readonly def
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